Frequency Conversion

The frequency conversion processes include frequency doubling (which is a special case of sum frequency generation), sum frequency generation (SFG), differential-frequency generation (DFG) and optical parametric generation (OPG) which are demonstrated in the following equations:

Sum Frequenby Generation (SFG):

ω1+ω2=ω3

(or 1/λ₁+1/λ₂=1/λ₃ in wavelength)

It combines two low energy (or low frequency) photons into a high energy photon. For example:

1064nm+1064nm→532nm

Differential-Frequency Generation (DFG):

ω1-ω2=ω3

(or 1/λ₁+1/λ₂=1/λ₃ in wavelength)

It combines two high energy photons into a low energy photon. For example:

532nm-810nm→1550nm

Optocal Parametric Generatiom (OPG):

ωp-ωs=ωi

(or 1/λp=1/λs+1/λi in wavelength)

It splits one high energy photon into two low energy photons.

Frequency Doubling

Frequency Doubling or Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) is a special case of sum frequency generation if the two input wavelengths are the same.The simplest scheme for frequency doubling is extracavity doubling.The laser passes through the nonlinear crystal only once as shown in the Fig.3. However,if the power density of laser is low,focused beam (Fig.4),intracavity doubling(Fig.5)and external resonant cavity (Fig.6) are normally used to increase the power density on the crystals,for example,for doubling of cw Nd:YAG laser and Argon lon lasers.

Sum Frequency Generation

Frequency Tripling or Third Harmonic Generation(THG)is an example of Sum Frequency Generation where,for THG of Nd:YAG laser, w1=1064nm, w2=532nm and THG of a Ti:Sapphire laser in BBO crystal, it can generate wavelength as short as 193 nm.

Optical Parametric Oscillation

Optical Parametric Generation (OPG) is an inverse process of sum Frequency Generation. It splits one high-frequency photon (pumping wavelength, lp) into two low-frequency photons (signal, ls, and idler wavelength, li). If two mirrors are added to from a cavity as shown in fig. 7, an Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) is established. For a fixed pump wavelength, an infinite number of sigal and idler wavelengths can be generated by tilting a crystal. Therefore, OPO is an excellent source for generating wide tunable range coherent radiation. BBO, KTP, LBO and LINbO3 are good crystal for OPO and Optical Parametic Amplifier (OPA)Applications.

Phase-matching

IN order to obtain high conversion efficiency, the phase vectors of input beams and generated beams have to be matched:

ΔK=k3-k2-k1=2p(n3/l3-n2/l2-n1/l1)=0 (For sum frequency generation)

Where:ΔK is phase mismatching, ki is phase vector at li and ni is refractive index atli.

In low power case, the relationship between conversion efficiency and phase mismatching is:

h∞(SIN(ΔKL)/ΔKL)^2

It is clear that the conversion efficiency will drop dramatically if ΔK increases. The phase-matching can be obtained by angle tilting, temperature tuning or other methods. The angle tilting is mostly used to obtain phase-matching as shown. If the angle between optical axis and beam propagation (q) is not equal to 90 deg. or 0 deg., we call it Critical phase-matching (CPM). Otherwise, 90deg. non-critical phase-matching (NCPM) is for q=90deg. and 0 deg. NCPM is for q=0deg.

Two types of phase-matching are classsified in consideration of polarization of lasers. If the polarizations of two input beams (for sum frequency) are parallel to each other., it is type I phase-matching. If the polarizations are perpendicular to each other, it is called type II phase-matching.

Conversion Efficiency

How to select a NLO crystal for a frequency convension process with a certain laser? The most important thing is to obtain a high conversion efficiency. The conversion effciency has the following relationship with effective nonlinear coefficient (Deff), crystal length(L), input power density (P) and phase mismatching (ΔK):

h∞PL^2(DeffSIN(ΔKL)/ΔKL)^2

IN general, higher power density, longer crystal length, larger nonlinear coefficients and smaller phase mismatching will result higher conversion efficiency. However, there is always some limitation coming from nonlinear crystals and lasers. For example, the Deff is determined by the nonlinear crystal itself and the input power density has to be lower than the damage threshold of crystal. Therefore, it is important to select a right crystal for your applications. In the following Table, we list the laser and crystal parameters for selecting right crystals.

Crystal Acceptance

If a laser light propagates in the direction with angle Δq to phase matching direction, the conversion efficiency will reduce dramatically. We define the acceptance angle (Δq) as full angle at half maximum (FAHM), where q=0 deg. is phase-matching direction. For example, the acceptance angle of BBO for type I frequecny doubling of Nd:YAG at 1064nm is about 1mrad-cm. therefore, if a Nd:YAG laser has beam dibergence of 3mrad for frequency-doubling, over half of the input power is useless. In this case, LBO may be better because of its larger acceptance angle, about 8 mrad-cm. For NCMP, the acceptance angle is normally much bigger than that for CPM, for example, 52 mrad-cm^(1/2) for type I NCPM LBO.

In addtion, you have to consider the Spectral acceptance (Δl) of crystal and the spectral bandwidth of your laser; crystal temperature acceptance (ΔT)and the temperature change of environment.

Walk-Off

Due to the birefringence of NLO crystals, the extraordinary wave (n_e)will experience Poynting vector walk-off as shown. If the beam size of input beam will be separated at walk-offangle(ρ) in the crystal and it will cause low conversion efficiency. Therefore, for focused beam or intracavity doubling, the walk-off is a main limitation to high conversion efficiency.

Group Velocity Mismatching

For NLO processes of ultrafast lasers such as Ti:Sapphire and Dye lasers with femtosecond (f_s) pulse width, the main limitation to conversion efficiency is group velocity mismatching(GVM). The GVM is caused by group velocity dispersion of NLO crystal. For frequency doubling a Ti:sapphire laser at 800nm, for example, the inverse group velocities (1/V_G)of BBO are respectively 1/V_G=56.09ps/cm at 800nm and 1/VG=58.01ps/cm at 400nm and GVM=1.92ps/cm. That means an 1mm long BBO crystal will make 192fs separation between the pulses at two wavelengths. Therefore, for an 100fs Ti:sapphire laser, we normally recommend a 0.5mm long BBO crystal (with 96 fs separation) in order to obtain high effciency without dramatic pulse broadening.

How to Handle A NLO Crystal

Keep crystal clean

When you receive the NLO crystals, plese look at the polished or coated crystal surface first. If the surface are contaminated, please blow the surface with air ball. If there is still pollution on the crystal surfaces, please clean the surfaces with cleaning liquid and soft silk. For BBO crystal, the mixing liqiud of 50% high purity alcohol and 50% high purity ether is recommended as cleaning liquid. Please note that the contaminated surfaces are very easy to be damaged.

Angle Tilting

In order to obtain maximum conversion efficiency, angle tilting is normally used to reach phase-matching direction. There are two axis for tilting crystal angles as show. Becausethe NLO crystals are normally cut in principal crystal plane, conversion efficiency is not sensitive to the angle tilting around b-axis. Customers have to pay attention when rotating the crystal around a-axis. A crystal mount with angle accuracy of about 5 arc second is recommended.

Optimum Crystal Size and Cut

When ordering a nonlinear optical crystal, crystal orientationand size have to be known. The orientation is solely determined by the nonlinear optical process. The crystal size is divided into three dimensions noted as WxHXLmm3. The careful design of crystal size is important because the conversion effciency has direct relation to crystal length.

To select the optimum crystal height(H), the laser beam diameter upon the crystal should be taken into accout. The optimum crystal height should slightly(1-2mm) larger than the laser beam diameter upon the crystal.Both of laser beam Diameter upon NLO crystal and tunable wavelength range have to be considered when designing the optimum crystal width(W). The crystal length is decided by the application. The different crystals and different application will be required the different length's crystals.

ND:YAG Harmonics

Second, third, fourth, and fifth harmonic generation at 532, 355, 266, and 213nm form a very important part of Nd:YAG laser technology. In many applications, only one harmonic is needed. For those applications, the fundamental and perhaps the second harmonic are (sometimes dangerous) stray beams.

An example is pumping a dye or pulsed Ti:Sapphire laser with the second harmonic at 532nm. Only green light should be sent to the laser; 1064nm light should be efficiently shunted into a different channel to be further used or dumped. Other applications require more than one beam, in which case two or more of the beams have to be delivered to the experiment. One example of harmonic generation of an Nd:YAG laser is shown above in the diagram of an external harmonic generation of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Crystal 2X produces the second harmonic at 532nm. In crystal 3X, residual fundamental at 1064nm is mixed with the second harmonic to produce the third harmonic at 355nm. To produce the fourth harmonic at 266nm, the 532nm second harmonic can be frequency doubled in crystal 4X.

Polarization of the Beams

The polarization of the beams is an important consideration when laying out an optical system involving harmonic generation. The user has to be aware of the polarization properties of the crystals employed, and should plan in advance the polarizations to be delivered to the experiment. Two common configurations are shown in to the left.

In Type I phasematching, the fundamental is an ordinary wave and the second harmonic is an extraordinary wave. Note that the second harmonic is locked to the plane of Z axis of the crystal. In the example above, in order to generate vertically polarized second harmonic without the use of a waveplate, both the crystal and the input fundamental polarization would be rotated 90o. Note that the residual fundamental remains linearly polarized.

In Type II phasematching, ordinary and extraordinary components of the fundamental, here equal, are mixed to generate the second harmonic as an extraordinary wave. This means that the fundamental must be rotated 45o with respect to the plane of the Z axis. Once again, the linearly polarized second harmonic is locked to the plane of Z axis of the crystal. Because the fundamental has ordinary and extraordinary components experiencing differing indices of refraction in the crystal, it experiences birefringence and emerges from the crystal in an elliptical polarization state whose parameters depend in detail on crystal length and orientation. As in the Type I example, in order to generate vertically polarized second harmonic, one would rotate the crystal 90o about the propagation direction.

The above examples have been provided to help you visualize the polarization properties in harmonic generation.

Harmonic Separation Arrangements

Below are some examples of effective systems built from these components. Laser safety practices are of paramount importance in dividing the outputs of a high power Nd:YAG laser. Some suggestions for safe operation are given in the figures below.
To the left, a second harmonic separation system where at least 98% of the 532nm energy is preserved. Two BSR-51s are used to improve the green purity. Residual 1064nm light is trapped in a beam dump. Shutters are placed in both output beams.
To the right, a system in which the object is to preserve and purify both the second and third harmonic. The 355nm light is given priority and separated first with two BSR-35s. Then the second harmonic is separated with a pair of BSR-51s. 1064nm is available in a third beam.

Design Suggestions

1. Reflect this harmonic and try to arrange 45o S-polarization for this harmonic at the harmonic beam separators. Plan, as a rule, to use two separator mirrors per harmonic. Most systems require two for acceptable purity.

If a useful harmonic must be transmitted through a BSR, try to arrange 45o P-polarization for that harmonic.

Choose the harmonic separator's antireflection coating to transmit the next most valuable harmonic in the beam line if further separation is to be done. If the transmitted beam is going directly into a beam dump, choose the antireflection coating based on the most powerful dumped harmonic.

To reduce eye hazard potential, build the separation system to operate in a horizontal plane. Beam dumps should be much wider than the beams they are to receive and should be firmly locked to the table. We recommend that barriers or an enclosure surround the perimeter of the system.

2. Always assume that there are significant amounts of unwanted harmonics in beams unless experiments prove otherwise. For greatest purity use multiple pairs of BSRs or construct a dispersive system using Pellin Broca or Brewster Angle Dispersing Prisms.

3. Most BSR Series harmonic beamsplitters for the Nd:YAG harmonics of 1064nm will work at the Nd:YLF harmonics of 1053 and 1047nm. If you are working with a YLF laser, specify "for 527/1053nm" after the corresponding Nd:YAG part number. Our technical staff will assure that optics selected will meet specifications at the YLF wavelengths.